C Programming Declarations and Initializations Online Test

fmod(x,y) – Calculates x modulo y, the remainder of x/y.
This function is the same as the modulus operator. But fmod() performs floating point divisions.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main ()
{
  printf ("fmod of 3.14/2.1 is %lf\n", fmod (3.14,2.1) );
  return 0;
}

Output:
fmod of 3.14/2.1 is 1.040000

External Linkage-> means global, non-static variables and functions.
Internal Linkage-> means static variables and functions with file scope.
None Linkage-> means Local variables.

Variable names in C are made up of letters (upper and lower case) and digits. The underscore character (“_”) is also permitted. Names must not begin with a digit.

Examples of valid (but not very descriptive) C variable names:
=> foo
=> Bar
=> BAZ
=> foo_bar
=> _foo42
=> _
=> QuUx

extern int fun( ); declaration in C is to indicate the existence of a global function and it is defined externally to the current module or in another file.

int fun( ); declaration in C is to indicate the existence of a function inside the current module or in the same file.

In computing, ‘real number’ often refers to non-complex floating-point numbers. It include both rational numbers, such as 42 and 3/4, and irrational numbers such as pi = 3.14159265…

When the accuracy of the floating point number is insufficient, we can use the double to define the number. The double is same as float but with longer precision and takes double space (8 bytes) than float.

To extend the precision further we can use long double which occupies 10 bytes of memory space.

C data types classification are

1. Primary data types
   1. int
   2. char
   3. float
   4. double
   5. void
2. Secondary data types (or) User-defined data type
   1. Array
   2. Pointer
   3. Structure
   4. Union
   5. Enum

So, clearly long int l = 2.35; is not User-defined data type.
(i.e.long int l = 2.35; is the answer.)

Declaring is the way a programmer tells the compiler to expect a particular type, be it a variable, class/struct/union type, a function type (prototype) or a particular object instance. (ie. extern int i)

Declaration never reserves any space for the variable or instance in the program’s memory; it simply a “hint” to the compiler that a use of the variable or instance is expected in the program. This hinting is technically called “forward reference”.

extern int x; – is an external variable declaration.

double pow(double, double); – is a function prototype declaration.

Therefore, 1 and 3 are declarations. 2 is definition.

– During declaration we tell the datatype of the Variable.

– During definition the value is initialized.

A function prototype in C or C++ is a declaration of a function that omits the function body but does specify the function’s name, argument types and return type.

While a function definition specifies what a function does, a function prototype can be thought of as specifying its interface.

enum takes the format like {0,1,2..) so pass=0, fail=1, atkt=2

stud1 = pass (value is 0)

stud2 = atkt (value is 2)

stud3 = fail (value is 1)

Hence it prints 0, 2, 1

Linker Error : Undefined symbol ‘i’
The statement extern int i specifies to the compiler that the memory for ‘i’ is allocated in some other program and that address will be given to the current program at the time of linking. But linker finds that no other variable of name ‘i’ is available in any other program with memory space allocated for it. Hence a linker error has occurred.

extern int a; indicates that the variable a is defined elsewhere, usually in a separate source code module.

printf(“%d\n”, a); it prints the value of local variable int a = 20. Because, whenever there is a conflict between local variable and global variable, local variable gets the highest priority. So it prints 20.

Any pointer size is 2 bytes. (only 16-bit offset)
So, char *s1 = 2 bytes.
So, char far *s2; = 4 bytes.
So, char huge *s3; = 4 bytes.
A far, huge pointer has two parts: a 16-bit segment value and a 16-bit offset value.

Since C is a compiler dependent language, it may give different output in other platforms. The above program works fine in Windows (TurboC), but error in Linux (GCC Compiler).

Since x < y turns to be TRUE it is replaced by 1. Then 1 < z is compared and to be TRUE. The 1 is assigned to i.

2 Errors
1. Type mismatch in redeclaration of fun
2. Type mismatch in parameter aa

When an automatic array is partially initialized, the remaining elements are initialized to 0.

During the for loop execution scanf() ask input and then printf() prints that given input. This process will be continued repeatedly because, scanf() returns the number of input given, the condition is always true(user gives a input means it reurns ‘1’).

Hence this for loop would get executed infinite times.

In case of a conflict between a local variable and global variable, the local variable gets priority.

True, we can use long double; if double range is not enough.

double = 8 bytes.
long double = 10 bytes.

True,
float = 4 bytes.
double = 8 bytes.

True, we can find the size of short integer and long integer using the sizeof() operator.
Example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
    short int i = 10;
    long int j = 10;
    printf("short int is %d bytes.,\nlong int is %d bytes.",
            sizeof(i),sizeof(j));
    return 0;
}

Output:
short int is 2 bytes.
long int is 4 bytes.

True, Depending on the operating system/compiler/system architecture you are working on, the range of data types can vary.